Definition:

Number of victims of violent crime in the previous 12 months who reported their victimization to competent authorities or other officially recognized conflict resolution mechanisms, as a percentage of all victims of violence in the previous 12 months.

Reporting rates to be computed separately for physical, sexual and psychological violence. For each of the indicators of violence (physical, psychological and sexual), countries should calculate the share of victims who reported their victimization. Those reporting rates are published separately.

Concepts:

Competent authorities include police, prosecutors or other authorities with competencies to investigate relevant crimes, while “other officially recognized conflict resolution mechanisms” may include a variety of institutions with a role in the informal justice or dispute resolution process (i.e. tribal or religious leaders, village elders, community leaders), provided their role is officially recognized by state authorities. The operationalization of these concepts is to be provided by national implementation teams by adding appropriate response categories for the authorities and mechanisms to which victims may report the violence they have experienced.

Physical violence: This concept corresponds to physical assault and robbery.

Assault is defined in the International Classification of Crime for Statistical Purposes (ICCS) as: the intentional or reckless application of physical force inflicted upon the body of a person. ^[1] This includes the intentional or reckless application of serious physical force resulting in serious bodily injury, and the intentional or reckless application of minor physical force resulting in no injury or minor bodily injury. According to the ICCS, these are defined as:

Serious bodily injury, at minimum, includes gunshot or bullet wounds; knife or stab wounds; severed limbs; broken bones or teeth knocked out; internal injuries; being knocked unconscious; and other severe or critical injuries.
Serious physical force, at minimum, includes being shot; stabbed or cut; hit by an object; hit by a thrown object; poisoning and other applications of force with the potential to cause serious bodily injury.
Minor bodily injury, at minimum, includes bruises, cuts, scratches, chipped teeth, swelling, black eye and other minor injuries.
Minor physical force, at minimum, includes hitting, slapping, pushing, tripping, knocking down and other applications of force with the potential to cause minor bodily injury.

In addition to acts of assault, acts amounting to serious physical threats are also included in the definition of physical violence. As defined in the ICCS, serious physical threats refer to threats with the intention to cause death or serious bodily injury.^[2]

Furthermore, physical violence also covers acts of robbery, defined in the ICCS as unlawfully taking or obtaining property with the use of force or threat of force against a person with intent to permanently or temporarily withhold it from a person or organization.^[3]

Physical violence only counts as such when it is non-consensual, for example, acts of physical violence (punching, kicking, etc.) experienced while exercising a regulated combat sport or combat training will not count towards victimization prevalence.

In the absence of suitable data on physical violence, it is possible to use data on physical assault or robbery , given they are both component of physical violence.

Psychological violence: There is no consensus at the international level on the precise definition of psychological violence. Psychological violence may be defined as any intentional and reckless act that causes psychological distress to an individual. Psychological violence can take the form of, for example, coercion, defamation, humiliation, intimidation, credible threats of violence, excessive verbal attacks or bullying, or harassment. Often, psychological violence is a pattern of behaviours, but it may be a distinct incident as well. Psychological violence is often experienced in domestic contexts. The internationally standardized and tested SDG 16 survey questionnaire provides a methodology and a core set of questions to measure psychological violence (see Section 4.c. Method of computation).

Sexual violence: As defined in the International Classification of Crime for Statistical Purposes (ICCS), sexual violence includes unwanted sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act without valid consent or with consent as a result of intimidation, force, fraud, coercion, threat, deception, use of drugs or alcohol, or abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability. This includes rape and other forms of sexual assault, excluding non-physical sexual assault (e.g. sexual harassment). Sexual violence may be perpetrated by casual partners, by acquaintances or by strangers, but such acts also occur in established or even in formalized intimate partnerships, including in marriages. Sexual violence most often, but not exclusively, targets women. Sexual violence may also take place in same-sex contexts.

More details on the set of behaviours to be used to measure physical, psychological and sexual violence are provided in Section 4.c. Method of computation.

¹

See ICCS 02011 Assault. ↑

²

As per ICCS, a “threat” refers to any type of threatening behaviour if it is believed that the threat

could be enacted. ↑

³

See ICCS 0401 Robbery. ↑

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