Aviation

The aviation passenger and freight volumes are reported for the air carriers through ICAO Air Transport Reporting Forms and grouped by Member States of ICAO.

Road/Rail/Inland waterways

Urban passenger transport model

The model is designed as a systems dynamic model (stock and flow model) to evaluate the development of urban mobility in all cities over 50 000 inhabitants around the world. It combines data from various sources that form one of the most extensive databases on global city mobility to account for fifteen transport modes. These range from the conventional private car and public transport to new alternative modes such as shared mobility.

Non-urban passenger transport model

The model provides scenario forecasts for non-urban transport activity and its related CO2 emissions up to 2050. The model estimates activity between urban areas (intercity travel) and passenger activity happening locally in non-urban areas (intra-regional travel). The latter includes travel in peri-urban and rural areas. The model is developed to assess the impact of transport, economic and environmental policy measures (air liberalisation, carbon pricing, etc.), as well as the impact of technological developments and breakthroughs (electric aviation, autonomous vehicles, etc.).

Non-urban freight transport model

The most recent version of the ITF freight model integrates the (previously distinct) surface and international freight models. International and domestic freight flows are calibrated on data on national freight transport activity (in tonnes-kilometres, tkm) as reported by ITF member countries. Reported data is also used to validate the route assignment of freight flows. Trade projections in value terms stem from the OECD trade model and converted into cargo weight (tonnes). These weight movements are then assigned to an intermodal freight network that develops over time in line with scenario settings. These define infrastructure availability, available services and related costs.

The model uses 2015 as its baseline year and provides estimation values for 2015, 2019, 2020, 2022, and 2025, then with computations done in five-year intervals. Therefore, the data for 2021 is derived through interpolation of the simulated values for 2020 and 2022.

The ITF Modelling Framework is available at The ITF Modelling Framework.

Maritime:

Freight volumes are based on merchandise trade data (imports and exports) reported by countries to the UN Comtrade database. The methodology applied to generate maritime freight volumes from UN Comtrade data was developed by the UNCTAD secretariat in collaboration with MDS Transmodal (https://www.mdst.co.uk) and UNSD.

Data are aggregated from data reported in metric tons on bilateral trade flows at the HS code 6-digit level. Commodities are inferred to be transported as a particular maritime cargo type (e.g. containerized carried in containers on containerships or oil carried as bulk in tankers) or a non-maritime cargo type (e.g. containerized cargo carried in containers on trucks or oil carried in tanks onboard trucks). This required the application of base rates of cargo types and base rates of how these cargo types are transported.

The baseline cargo type shares and maritime transport shares are based on MDST’s World Cargo Database. However, some maritime transport shares are adjusted using information from UNCTAD Trade-and-Transport Dataset (https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/dataviewer/US.TransportCosts).

Commodity and cargo type are different concepts. Commodity refers to goods as classified under HS codes while cargo types reflect the condition under which the freight is being transported (containerized (dry or reefer/refrigerated containers), bulk liquid (tanker ships or, tanks), gas carriers, car carriers, dry bulk (e.g. iron ore, coal, grain, etc.)). Thus, maritime freight volumes of some commodities can be divided into various cargo types. For example, a share of frozen meats can be carried as dry bulk cargo while another share of this same commodity can be carried in containers on a container ship.

For SDG reporting cargo type totals of maritime freight loaded (exports) and unloaded (imports) are first summed up per country before being aggregated up to the regional total.

The UNCTAD secretariat compiles the container port traffic volumes in TEU by summing up the TEU volumes reported at the port level for all ports located in a territory. UNCTAD seeks good coverage of all relevant ports in a territory while excluding ports for which relevant data is considered less reliable. The ports included per territory are listed on UNCTAD Stat website at: https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/dataviewer/US.ContPortThroughput.

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Rætta uppseting: 9.1.2